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The Iron Horse in New Haven:
The
Evolution of a Railroad Capital, 1838-1920
The story
of New Haven’s development as a rail transportation hub is the stuff of documentary history. It is a multi-chaptered
epic, sometimes laced with drama, perhaps unlike any in this country for a city of comparable size. Six separate railroads
built into the Elm City from 1838 to 1871, paralleling and eclipsing the six turnpikes that radiated similarly out of New
Haven. ‘Railroad fever’ succeeded ‘canal mania’ even as river and Long Island Sound transport continued
to compete with, yet complement, the railroads, each of which brought new track, engine houses, turntables, freight houses,
yards, wharves, office buildings, or other facilities. Passenger stations were generally shared by more than one road but
even this was with some intriguing exceptions. The New York, New Haven and Hartford RR emerged dominant over this assemblage
and developed it to its greatest extent around 1920. This paper hopes to broadly detail the origins of the separate facilities
in New Haven and their evolution into the amalgam that the New Haven operated at its height. Much of this research relies
on the invaluable accounts found in New Haven and other city newspapers. Primary source documents, important secondary
works, and historical maps were also consulted. The Bailey and Hazen birds-eye map of 1879 [click here] is the most helpful graphic item, showing the facilities of the six original railroads in verifiable detail.1
Clarifications and comments on this work are welcome in what, like all good history, is intended to contribute to an
evolving understanding of the past. The scholarly exchange of information contained here is encouraged. Reproduction
in its entirety or in substantial part is prohibited under personal copyright privileges retained by the author.
Track 6.1: The Three Pioneer Railroads, 1838 - 1848
[6.1.1] The Hartford and New Haven RR was the city’s first steam railroad. It was
completed on December 14, 1839, its purpose in part to join what were then the state’s two capitals. While Hartford
was left with the sole honor in 1875, this shared political status bred rival commercial interests that would last well into
the next century.2
Despite the fact that the H&NH was headquartered in the northern city, most of the funding came from New Haven, which
was seeking a share of the Connecticut River traffic that Hartford and Middletown controlled. The H&NH considered routes
via New Britain, Middletown, and Meriden, with the latter chosen as the most direct and least expensive. On the southern end,
the Hartford road built to Steamboat Wharf, also called Belle Dock in honor of the steamer Belle that sailed from
there. It was located at the westerly approach to Tomlinson’s Bridge at the mouth of the Quinnipiac River. The railroad
bought a controlling interest in this toll-bridge company to gain the property it needed. A large freight depot, engine house,
passenger facility, and dock were erected by the H&NH to connect with boats to New York. For the next decade this was
to be the sole terminus of New Haven’s only railroad, bringing ever more traffic to and from Belle Dock after the road’s
extension to Springfield in 1844. By 1850, the H&NH would also be operating branch roads from New Britain and Middletown
feeding into its mainline at Berlin.
[6.1.2] From the
Bailey and Hazen 1879 map, the Hartford and New Haven's terminus at Belle Dock is shown here. This would evolve into what
was later called the Belle Dock branch of the NYNH&H with most of these facilities in place through much of the next century.
The Tomlinson Bridge heads off down to the right of the railroad terminus.
[6.1.3] The New Haven and Northampton RR was the second road
to open. This entity emerged from the ingenious conversion of the Farmington Canal, which had reached its namesake town in
1828 and had connected in Massachusetts with the Hampshire and Hampton Canal all the way to Northampton by 1835. Backed by
the city and never a great financial success, it moved a considerable amount of freight in its later years and boosted New
Haven's economic life as intended. The canal towpath was used as most of the railroad right of way. By January 18, 1848
trains were running to Plainville. A New Haven terminus with passenger depot, engine house, and turntable was set up in the
block bounded by Hillhouse Ave. and Temple, Grove, and Trumbull Sts.3 Track was laid
southward to the harbor basin shortly thereafter in the canal bed that had originally been a stream here called East Creek.
The bed was excavated to a greater depth and overhead bridges down to Fair St. were rebuilt for better clearance. The triangle-shaped basin was bounded on the west by Union Wharf, popularly known as Long Wharf
for its 4,000-ft. reach out into the harbor. The canal company had enclosed the basin on the south side
by building a connecting roadway which would later become an extension of Brewery St. The
first train ran to the basin on October 21, 1848 with large crowds cheering along the route.4
[6.1.4] This map is from the 1847-1848 Benham city directory for New Haven.
This is the first in the series of directories that would be taken over and published by Price & Lee Co., headquartered
right in the Elm City, well into 1960s. Note the the Farmington Canal in the center leading down to the triangular
basin at the top of the harbor. The canal would become a railroad on the next map. Union Wharf was already better known
as Long Wharf for its nearly mile-long reach from the shore.
[6.1.5] The head of Long Wharf ca. 1860. is shown to the right,
with the entire western half of the canal basin filled in. These are the facilities that were jointly built
and shared by the NY&NH and its leased Canal road. Notice how the neck of land under the NY&NH track going west is
complete now up to Long Wharf. The natural silting of the harbor and the deliberate filling of the flats around the
NY&NH trestle over to Spring St. would create the land that would help the Consolidated move much of its
infrastructure from Long Wharf in the 1870s, as well as build its 1875 depot on the 'made land' here.
[6.1.6] The New York and New Haven RR was coincidentally
expected to present an engine at the basin on the very same evening the NH&N reached it. New Haven’s third railroad
was nearly complete after four years of work both in Connecticut and in the Empire State where it was headquartered and where
it finally arranged to share the New York and Harlem RR’s right of way from Williams Bridge to New York City. It ran
its first regular train to New York from the Elm City on December 27, 1848.5 On the New Haven
end, desiring to build from the business and population center of the city along State St., the NY&NH requested and received
several route options from Alexander Twining, the Yale engineering professor who would lay out all of Connecticut’s
early railroads. Options were explored for going via New Haven’s northerly streets and suburbs even as far as Derby
or Danbury to get to New York City or just following the coast, which meant the costly bridging of the numerous rivers emptying
into Long Island Sound. The more direct, coastal route prevailed. Thought was given to it starting at Belle Dock and proceeding
either along Water St. or just off shore but the offer of a lease late in 1847 from Joseph Sheffield, one of the first incorporators
of the NY&NH and also president of the Canal road, was accepted and allowed the New York road to use the canal bed alongside
the NH&N.6 Turning west from the canal basin, the road was built on pilings over the
flats below Water St., which then actually marked the edge of the harbor. Twining said that this could be done fairly easily
in the shallow water to start but would require more maintenance in the future. A 21-year lease of the NH&N effective
on July 1, 1848, was signed but, due to delays in completing the NY&NH, the Canal road was not handed over until July
1, 1849. While some stockholders of each road were wary of this alliance, advantages came to both sides. The Canal road got
annual rental payments, better facilities in New Haven, connections to the west, and a presumed ally in its northward expansion
plans. The New York road got the traffic from the NH&N, perpetual use of the canal bed down to the harbor, and access
to the basin property there. The railroads jointly set about beginning to turn the latter into useable real estate. The
section reclaimed was the northwest corner where they built a substantial freight depot and engine house in October, 1848.
On October 26, the Canal road started running trains from Plainville to Bridgeport using the track of its lessee from New
Haven, this even before the New York road was fully open. The NH&N utilized the basin facility for western freight and
seaborne cargo and, for its northern customers, it used the Temple St. facility, which appears to have been discontinued by
January, 1849, probably timed to the completion of a new union station.7 Profitability jumped
immediately upon turning the canal into a railroad with a net of just over $37,000 on receipts of $60,000 for 1848.8
The NY&NH later claimed it was losing money on the NH&N, probably due to the high rental payments it had agreed to
pay.
[6.1.7] This 1879 view of Henry Austin's 1848 depot is quite accurate.
The large atrium on the front, adjacent to the Chapel St. tower (right), was most likely added after 1875 when the structure
was converted to an upscale city market. The detailed architectural plans are at NHMHS.
Track 6.2: The
1848 Chapel St. Union Station
[6.2.1] By late 1847, the NY&NH was contracting for a
passenger station. Joseph Sheffield hailed the planned “central depot” and the shared, below-grade, canal-bed
route as “... facilities which few other roads and few other Cities enjoy.”9
The station was to take up the entire block between Cherry St. (later Wooster St.) and Chapel St. The depot’s main entrance
faced Union St., but access was from all four sides, the rear through a hotel on State St. The station property had previously
been the old city market and canal boat landing. The parcel came per the 99-year lease of February 1, 1848 from the city to
the Canal road for a nominal 25-cent annual rental on condition that it serve as a public railway station.10
Henry Austin, a popular though not formally trained local architect, had been engaged to plan three depots for the new Canal
road at its intended terminal points of New Haven, Plainville, and Collinsville. The NY&NH also retained him. Whereas
Austin's other stations were diminutive depots for small towns, the Elm City structure was a colossus. A 300-ft long,
architecturally eclectic edifice, it mounted a short pagoda-style dome in the center and asymmetrical towers at each end.
The taller one on Chapel St. was a 140-ft Italian-style campanile, a bell tower, the first in the country as part of a rail
depot. Also seen as a civic structure, the station rang its bell to sound fire alarms as well as announce trains. While
it was suggested that another level be added to the building to house city hall,11 Austin
designed that as a separate project completed in 1862 on Church St. Below the depot bell, a four-sided, gas-lit clock, donated
by James Brewster, local carriage maker and first president of the H&NH, shone to announce the time in all directions
and perhaps to foreshadow the coming of more railroads to this facility. The NY&NH acknowledged the station’s $40,000
cost as its sole extravagance, a deferential gesture to the people of the Elm City. Inside were opulent parlors, “obliging
servants,” and later a restaurant.12 Bold exterior form and elegant appointments notwithstanding,
function was unfortunately overlooked in the platform area. The subterranean darkness, choked with locomotive heat, fire,
and smoke, evoked images and memorable references to the infernal regions from travelers who descended into the canal bed
covered by the rear of the station. Steps down on the Union St. side led to the NY&NH track and on the State St. side
to the track for the Canal road. The finishing touches on the structure, which was in use by October 28, 1848, came early
the next year but did not address the problems that would lead to two remodels in as many years and ever continuing complaints.13
[6.2.2] Thus, by the beginning of 1849, New Haven had three
railroads that were functioning more or less as two. Almost immediately the two principal roads found reason for cooperation,
albeit guarded. The NY&NH, not interested in freight revenue, was looking to capture as much as it could of the Hartford
road’s 300,000 annual passengers to and from New York, the connection with the Western RR in Springfield creating an
all-rail route from Boston. The Hartford road, content with the steamboat arrangements it had at Belle Dock, was not particularly
interested in a connection with the NY&NH and feared reprisals from the competing Connecticut River boats. Its other concern
was that Canal road would extend north and siphon off its Western RR traffic. The NY&NH assuredly had this fear in mind
when it leased the Canal road. The NH&N would get as far as Granby, with branches to Tariffville and to Collinsville,
all in 1850. The latter was for the coveted traffic of the Collins Mfg. Co. there and with an eye toward going on to Pittsfield,
Mass. At that point, however, the NY&NH quietly began to help stall the NH&N. In return, the Hartford road consented
to share the NY&NH’s rental payment on the Canal line, to run H&NH passenger trains into the new Austin depot
instead of Belle Dock, and, by April, to suspend its own day steamer, the Commodore, to guarantee more passenger
traffic on the NY&NH. This effort was supported by Cornelius Vanderbilt, whose interests in these boats were being subordinated
to his investments in both the NY&NH and H&NH. By January 27, 1849, the NY&NH extended its track from Chapel St.
northward to a junction with the H&NH at the ‘tin bridge’ over the Mill River. The metal-covered, wooden deck
of the bridge here gave this structure its nickname that was found elsewhere on railroad bridges outfitted similarly. On January
29, 1849, the first H&NH connection was made with a train to New York.14 The fact that
the several contracts between the NY&NH and the H&NH all expired on July 1, 1869, the same date as the NY&NH lease
of the NH&N was up, seems to show that the principal parties were intent as much on keeping each other in check as simultaneously
reining in the Canal road.
Track 6.3: The Second Railroad Trio, 1852-1871
[6.3.1]
New Haven’s fourth line, the New Haven and New London RR, entered from the east in
1852. Planned largely as a link in a shoreline route to Boston, it absorbed the New London and Stonington in 1857 in order
to connect with the New York, Providence and Boston RR. Similar to the NY&NH’s earlier challenges, its coastal route
came with even larger obstacles. The Connecticut and Thames Rivers, initially too formidable to be bridged, had to be crossed
by ferry and this gave inland routes the advantage for the next forty years. The NH&NL came into New Haven via what
was then the westerly part of East Haven before this section was annexed by the Elm City in 1881. The NH&NL ran up along
the east side of the Quinnipiac River and crossed it on a wooden span just above Grand St. Angling northwest through Fair
Haven at grade, it continued toward the point known officially as Shore Line Jct., but
also as Mill River Jct. or Tin Bridge. From here it built its own track southward to Grand
St. The use of the Austin depot and this right of way were covered in a lease by the NY&NH from December 30, 1851 to the
already familiar date of July 1, 1869. The New York road initially refused to sell through tickets to Boston via New London,
in deference to its allied Hartford road, until the state legislature passed a bill compelling it do so. Even then it took
the U.S. Supreme Court to enforce the law. The NH&NL set up an engine house, turntable, and freight facilities at
the foot of Myrtle St. just below the junction on what would soon be known as Railroad Ave., rather than River St. This was
on the west bank of the Mill River to which the railroad also had freight access, as seen on the Bailey map. Early financial
difficulties would see this road reorganized as the Shore Line Railway in 1864. By 1870, with the completion of the bridge
over the Connecticut River, this property would be of enough interest to be leased to the NY&NH and brought into that
road's subsequent merger with the H&HN. The 'Consolidated' road, already having a monopoly on traffic to New
York and not in favor with the public, was to be run by a board consisting of members of
all three companies. On September 7, 1870, stockholders of the three entities gathered
at separate meetings and approved the combined operation.15
[6.3.2]
In 1852, the New Haven and New London RR built to Mill River Jct. From here they leased a right of way from
the NY&NH, which had built up to this point to connect with the H&NH. The NH&NL laid track to Grand St.
and used the NY&NH to get to the Austin depot just below. The arched bridge was called the Neck or Tin Bridge, the latter
apparently for the metal-covered deck below the track for protection against fire.
[6.3.3] An 1860 view of Mill River
Jct., soon to be rechristened Shore Line Jct. with the reorganization of what had become the NHNL&S by 1864 after
absorbing the New London and Stonington RR. Notice the complete facilities, including the turntable which is not on
the 1879 map above. Given the accuracy otherwise, it is hard to believe that the bird's-eye artist missed this. The NY&NH
leased the Shore Line Rwy. in 1870 and perhaps had better use for the turntable elsewhere in its growing system.
[6.3.4] New Haven’s railroads would prosper in the period from 1840 to 1870
and contribute to the city’s growth, as reflected in a near quadrupling of its population. While it had always been
the state’s largest city, a position it would retain until 1930, it now had 50,840 residents to Bridgeport’s 18,969
and Hartford’s 37,180. The population grew in tandem with the proliferation of manufacturing establishments, boosted
by the U.S. Civil War, providing work for citizens and attracting people from the hinterlands. The New York road double-tracked
its line by 1853 and it leased the Shore Line in 1870.16 On July 1, 1869 the NH&N became
a free agent agent and quickly began to rebuild and expand after years of neglect by the New York road. The Collinsville branch
was extended to New Hartford in 1870 and over the Farmington River there in 1876 to reach the Greenwoods Co. While the Canal
road still looked northwest toward Pittsfield, it had also pushed further due north. The wily Joseph Sheffield had found various
ways to circumvent the enemies, allowing the Canal road to reach Northampton in 1855 and Williamsburg in 1867.17
At its southern terminus the resurgent NH&N filled in the remainder of the canal basin and erected its own facilities
east of the ones it formerly shared with the NY&NH. It constructed a freight office on East Water St., a freight house,
a half roundhouse and shops below, and built a dock out into the harbor beyond the original south boundary of the canal basin,
which shows on maps by this time as an extension of Brewery St. This Canal dock appears on some maps as Sheffield Wharf, named
for the man who was still president of the road. Built on pilings, it was 80-ft. wide and 1500-ft long and later it would
be extended almost as far into the harbor as Long Wharf itself. The Canal road would spend over $300,000 on the work here
from 1869 to 1871 and begin connecting with steamers New Haven and Northampton.18
[6.3.5] The
Elm City saw its fifth steam road open in 1870. The New Haven, Middletown and Willimantic RR ran its
first train to Middletown on August 2. It built to Shore Line Jct. and used the NY&NH track from there, first into the Chapel St. depot and then down to the Meadow St. station in 1875. The road opened to Willimantic
on April 26, 1873, having
finally bridged the Connecticut River over the objections of the still-powerful boat companies.19 That opposition had arisen as early as
when this road was first conceived of in the 1840s. While not unprecedented - New Haven had aided the Northampton Canal -
the city assisted this project to the tune of $500,000 in bonds it guaranteed and on which $15,000 semi-annual interest was
being paid by the city.20 In 1875 the road was reorganized as the Boston and New York Air Line. Linking the two named cities via a direct
inland route had always been part of the vision for this road, which was referred to as the ‘Air Line’ even before
its opening as the NHM&W in 1870. The new management sought to put the road into better physical and financial condition.
Initially the road had made do in New Haven by farming out the work it needed to the other railroads. To lower costs, it sought
to acquire its own facilities and the rumor was that it would take over the Shore Line shops that had been idled after
that road was absorbed by the NY&NH in 1870.21 Instead, however, the B&NYAL soon commenced work on its own engine house
and machine shop at Cedar Hill, wedged in between its line and that of the NYNH&H. While tracks here also led down to the river for some freight access by
water, its main freight outlets were at Long Wharf and Belle Dock, all of which came with heavy rentals to the Consolidated.
Its passenger service, of course, had to compete against the already established routes to Boston via Springfield and New
London. Off to the shaky financial start for all these reasons, the B&NYAL nevertheless gradually built up a clientele
and a reputation for good, fast service. The Journal-Courier was touting the fact that its cars, locomotive power,
roadbed, and courteous staff were the equal of the competition and that travelers saved some 24 miles and a half hour to an
hour over the other routes. By this time it had also leased and was operating the Colchester Railway for more freight
business and was seeking its own independent tidewater outlets at New Haven. By February of the next year, the Consolidated
would enter into a pooling arrangement with the B&NYAL to keep it out of the hands of the NY&NE, which by now
controlled the rest of the shortest route to Boston.22
[6.3.6] This
is the site of the New Haven, Middletown and Willimantic's original 1870 facilities at Cedar Hill. East Rock is beyond
the hollow on the left, west of State St. This was the starting point for the NYNH&H's massive Cedar Hill yard. One
of the streets nearby on the east side of State St. today is Lyman St., probably in honor of NHM&W founder
David Lyman, after whom the Lyman Viaduct in Colchester was also named [click here and here].
[6.3.7] New Haven’s
sixth and final steam road was the New Haven and Derby RR, which opened on August 9, 1871. It had received
permission in 1870 to go beyond its intended terminus on the NRR, known later as Derby Jct., and end instead in Ansonia, Derby’s
northernmost borough. This was touted in the NHD&A lettering on its engines. While necessitating extra bridgework
to cross and re-cross the Naugatuck River, this wise move brought it to the front door of factories like the Birmingham Iron
Foundry and the Farrel Foundry and Machine Co. The Derby road was unique from the start, being born out of New Haven’s
regret over the Valley traffic lost when the city spurned the Naugatuck RR’s request for a stock subscription in 1845.
The NRR then headed south from Derby instead, and, lured by the offer of a free track from Devon, ended in Bridgeport, the
offer coming from the ever-astute NY&NH looking to get more traffic to the Empire State.23 The afterthought
NH&D was expensive to build, often controversial, and required city financial assistance for which the mayor and one alderman
were given seats on the board of directors. In New Haven, the NH&D built at grade from the West River through Custom House
Square at State and Water Sts. to meet the track of the Canal road at Fair St. and thence reach the Austin depot just above
and the NH&N freight facilities it initially used at the Canal dock below. The NH&D put in its own turntable
below West Water St. between Meadow and State Sts. in 1871. By 1874, it filled in enough of the flats here to build its own
engine house, freight depot, and a small freight yard, as well as leasing a small wharf adjoining the Canal dock and
building an access track down from Fair St. to reach the waterfront.
[6.3.8] These
are the New Haven & Derby facilities as of 1879. The turntable was installed in 1871, the freight house in 1873, the engine
house in 1874, and the passenger station in 1878. Truly accurate for the most part, our birds-eye artist here has erred with
the Derby passenger station. It had a Mansard roof with steeply pitched sides, as shown in later photos. Compare
with the roof on the Consolidated depot below.
Track 6.4: The NYNH&HRR and the 1875 Union Avenue Station
[6.4.1] The event that was to forever change New Haven and
its railroads took place on August 6, 1872. This was the debut of the New York, New Haven and Hartford RR, the official merger
of the NY&NH and H&NH, which had been jointly operated since August 3, 1870. The lesser-partner H&NH cooperated
out of its renewed fear of competition from the recently unshackled Canal road.24 A new depot,
already spoken of for years, was immediately in the offing to replace the Austin structure, still much-maligned and now greatly
over capacity as well. The bustling NH&D alone was carrying as many as a thousand passengers a day into New Haven.25 The old depot was being called a ‘black hole’ by the Register
as late as May 17, 1865 and in 1866 the state ordered the NY&NH to improve conditions to the satisfaction of the city
and the legislature.14 These factors, plus the undoubted wish of the ‘Consolidated’
road to herald its birth, all argued for a new structure. Ground was quickly broken in an entirely new area reclaimed from
the harbor just southwest of downtown New Haven. Pouring fill around the original NY&NH trestle out in the flats appears
to have facilitated the process. By 1859, maps show the line sitting on a spit of land extending northeast from Spring St.
and almost reaching Long Wharf. The deliberate filling of the flats and the natural harbor silting gradually diminished this
inlet where the old West Creek once emptied. The Consolidated reportedly considered building south of the Austin depot, a
proposition that many preferred but decided that the parcel here was the only one large enough for its needs, according to
the newspaper “for all time to come.”27 This was a wise choice for the railroad
because further filling of the harbor would enable the company to expand freely and this ‘made land’ was
also blessed with no buildings to dodge or streets to cross. The NY&NH purchased real estate and water lots here, the
largest parcel by far coming from the Derby road, to complete its ownership of the entire waterfront from Long Wharf west
to Oyster Point [click here] in 1873.28 The far-sighted New York road had begun to acquire land on the southwestern
edge of the harbor as early as 1866 when it bought the Gerard Hallock estate.29 The railroad leveled the bluffs there by moving 125,000 sq. yards of material on construction trains to stabilize
the marshy depot site at the foot of Meadow St. Long trains of empties used the
New York 'down' track to access a temporary spur to the mud flats. As the excavation work threatened to destabilize the mansion, it was purchased by NYNH&H Master Mechanic Kettendorf and moved across Howard Ave. to a lot he purchased.30 Using stones
from Hallock’s sea wall to buttress the rail yard, a full roundhouse, turntable, and other structures would be
built here by 1870 to take the place of those on Long Wharf. All the Consolidated would leave there was the car shop building,
lengthened and converted for use as a freight house with additional tracks surrounding it.
[6.4.2] This
is the NYNH&H's 1875 station. Note the Mansard roof, the steeply sloped second roof with gabled windows, which is
accurately depicted for this building. Most of the land here was bought from the Derby road and filled in by the Consolidated
to support the station and other structures.
[6.4.3] A wider
shot of the entire Consolidated complex in 1879. Note the full roundhouse to replace the one that was dismantled at Long Wharf,
and also the numerous other structures. Work on this complex reportedly started in 1870 and culminated with the 1875
station. The tiny Derby road facilities are right above those of the mighty Consolidated. The Derby depot location from
1875 to 1877 was in the small building, second in from the corner of State St., just above the 'St' in West
Water St. From March of 1877 until June of 1878 it would move to structure built adjacent to the track at
State and West Water Sts. The empty land in the eastern corner of State St. and West Water St. was cleared in 1873 to
provide expansion space for the NH&D.
[6.4.4] The Consolidated's new,
three-story station was designed in-house by C.J. Danforth, a draftsman in the engineering
department and possession was taken on May 24, 1875. Its 255x75-ft size and its generous
appointments were said to be on a par with the 1871 Grand Central Depot in New York City.31
The new Union Station had a center ticket office, a “commodious” baggage room on the east end, an express room
on the west end, separate men’s and women’s waiting rooms and a restaurant in between. The cooking facilities
and furnaces were in the basement and “dumb waiters” were used to connect with the dining room and “do the
art culinary on an extensive scale.” By 1877, the busy restaurant would be
going through 150 lbs of roast beef, 60 to 75 chickens, 100 gallons of coffee, 50 gallons of tea, 60 to 80 gallons of oysters
when in season, plus sandwiches and desserts.32 Outside, a 1000-ft covered platform protected
passengers boarding trains in the open air in the rear where, as a correspondent from The New
York Times said, “the blue water comes up to the very track of the road.” This was literally a breath
of fresh air in stark contrast “to the miserable old rookery, on Chapel St., which has excited the disgust of so many.”33 Additional stub-end tracks and covered platforms met the new depot on both ends. The exterior
was faced with 750,000 pressed bricks from Hartford and North Haven, and was trimmed in Portland brownstone. A Mansard
roof, in vogue at the time, adorned the top with short end towers and a taller clock tower in the center facing Union Ave.,
a two-block-long street created to angle southwest from the foot of State St. to the new station. The building’s two
upper levels housed NYNH&H offices. While the new station was hailed as a physical improvement over the old one, there
were perennial complaints that the location was less convenient for the public. Initially, no streetcar lines could
even provide front-door access. While Meadow St. would be widened later and extended as an approach to the station, wooden
planks were laid down in the meantime for pedestrian access. Hack carriages had to struggle in the sandy soil. To mitigate
this, the railroad ran shuttle trains from Fair Haven and from the ‘old depot’ as the Austin structure, still
in use, was now called. Initially, the fare on the ‘scoot,’ was five cents, both ways, but was later raised to
ten cents inbound.34
[6.4.5]
So the situation was as of mid-1875 that the Consolidated, its leased Shore Line road and the still-independent
Canal and Air Line roads were all using the new Union Station. Because of its solitary entrance from the west, the Derby road
was the only one left out of this arrangement. Access was still possible by crossing Custom House Square and backing down
but this was cumbersome and dangerous with five other lines funneling into the NYNH&H station. The NH&D, with
its four or five daily trains, could also still have used the Austin depot, but this too did not happen. The Derby road
chose instead to stay independent and rented office and depot space at 211 West Water St., just west of State St. and across
from its track. This single diversion of passengers from the Chapel St. station was said to have caused a considerable drop
in use of the street car line that served the ‘old depot.’ While most of its passenger traffic was local, Derby
road customers who needed to make connections to Union Station a block south did so easily on foot. Baggage was transferred
free of charge. Because passengers had to cross West Water St. to access trains from the new location, the station was moved
to a building on the southwest corner of State, right on Custom House Square.35 To save the
rental costs, the NH&D opened its own passenger depot in June, 1878. Tucked into the southwest corner of Meadow and
West Water Sts., it was a two-story brick structure, 70x22 feet, with three rooms for offices upstairs.36
The ground level was said to be arranged similarly to Union Station. The exterior sported a Mansard roof, perhaps
deliberately imitative of the mighty Consolidated’s new depot. Pursuant to the sale of the land for that depot, the
Derby road got its lease of the right to cross over Consolidated
tracks to reach the harbor changed from annual to one in perpetuity
on October 9, 1873.37 It laid its own track from Fair St. down to Brewery St. and
leased a small dock there on the westerly edge of Sheffield Wharf in 1874 and expanded it in 1877.38
It was here that the New York-based Starin ships would begin to dock, forming a through route from the Valley to
the Empire City via the NH&D.
[6.4.6] This shot shows
the head of Long Wharf (left) and also the Canal road facilities (right) on the east side of the basin that was filled in
back in 1869-1870. Note the absence of the turntable and engine house that the NY&NH and the NH&N built
jointly in 1848. The only NYNH&H building left is long freight house, formerly the car shop.
[6.4.7] The east side of the former canal
basin is nearly all filled in and holds the extensive NH&N facilties. A Starin line steamer may be heading for
the small Derby dock. A newspaper article says that, after a winter ice disruption, the Starin line was once again
delivering freight "at her old dock, Derby railroad pier." The NH&D leased pier rights and land
for a track to it on October 9, 1873 from the Consolidated and built the wharf early in 1874. The street running across the bottom of the old canal basin begins now to show on maps as
Brewery St., continuing out from the 'mainland.' The city made this name change official in 1882.39
[6.4.8] At left is an ad from the 1879
Price & Lee city directory, mentioning the free coach to take passengers from the NH&D station and
the New Depot, as the 1875 Union Station was known, and to the Starin ships at the Derby dock. In 1875 and 1879, the Starin dockage and freight house capacity would
be increased with the extension of the single pier and an additional pier to its right. Compare with
the 1888 map in Hopkin's Atlas of the City of New Haven.40
Track 6.5: The 1880s - New Haven’s
Gateway to the West
[6.5.1] The ever-expanding Consolidated would prosper in the 1880s, while warily
guarding its monopoly on traffic to New York City, the subject of public complaint as early as 1866. In 1871, a general railroad
law was passed allowing the formation of new railroad companies without the legislative charters that had been the custom
back to the 1830s.41 This move to allow more competition in the railroad industry was intended,
in part, to assuage opposition to the merger that permitted the creation of the Consolidated and expanded its power when many
thought that just the opposite was needed. The idea for parallel went back by some reports to the Danbury & Norwalk's
LeGrand Lockwood, on whose behalf Samuel E. Olmstead began to act in 1866, his name later becoming synonomous with the movement.
Over the next three decades, at least eight companies were organized, some morphing into successors, and proposing to build
more or less the same inland line between New Haven and New York. The conflict became complicated enough at one point that two of
the contenders, the New York & Connecticut Air Line and the Hartford & Harlem, went on to battle each other until they both
expired.42 To reduce the odds that existing roads might be used in the parallel scheme,
the Consolidated began a policy that might be called 'defensive acquisition.' Among the railroads it took over
in this decade were the Boston & New York Air Line that it leased in 1882 to forestall the intended link between its namesake
cities and the Canal road, with its convenient
connection to the NH&D right in New Haven, that it leased again in 1887. With five of the six New Haven railroads thus captured, the Derby road attained a pivotal importance as the only remaining independent route out of New Haven. Always touted as the
‘Gateway to the West’ by its promoters, the 'Little Derby' and the Elm City watched the completion of
the New York and New England RR westward to the Hudson River in 1881 with great interest. The NY&NE, controlled by New
York investors including Jay Gould, seized the opportunity it saw here, buying up the stock of the Housatonic RR and
consequently having it get control of the NH&D on July 12, 1887.43 The city of New Haven,
the largest stockholder, rejected higher offers in order to keep the Derby road out of the hands of the Consolidated and to
secure the promised western connection. Plans were already in place to extend the NH&D up into Huntington, today the town
of Shelton, to meet a branch of the HRR to be built down from Botsford into Monroe. Interestingly, this new trackage, known
shortly as the 'Extension,' would have added value when the American Bell Telephone Co. began using it for new Boston-New
York City long distance wires in 1888. The original NH&D had already been serving as communications route from the Elm City to Ansonia since 1877 for the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph
Co., and the ATT line to Ware, Mass. was begun "appropriately enough, in New
Haven at the depot of the Derby Railroad" on August 11, 1886.44
Soon there would also be poles on the other side of the NH&D, these carrying the wires of the Southern New England Telephone
Co., headed by Morris Franklin Tyler, an NH&D director and son of its earlier president.45
[6.5.2] The Derby road’s
new westward thrust was also reflected in its property in New Haven. For public safety reasons, the city had grappled for
years with ways in which the NH&D, while
maintaining its independence from the NYNH&H, could move its operations base west of Commerce St. and run to the wharf only during nighttime hours. Nearby land
for a new yard was acquired -- discreetly. The Consolidated was not above spoiling such plans, such as the 1899 Granby land
grab to block the Central New England’s line to Springfield would show.46 Jabez Bostwick,
who succeeded Charles P. Clark as president of the NY&NE in December of 1886, purchased much of the land personally and
later transferred it to the NH&D.47 Permission
to abandon the old depot location was given by the railroad commissioners on January 1, 1888. The new yard complex
was in the area enclosed by Cedar, Silver, West Water, Minor, and Commerce Sts. On the north side Hill and Lafayette Sts.
were closed at Silver, which was extended to Commerce St. to move traffic around the block. The railroad commissioners kept
Liberty St. open and ordered a bridge to go over the yard here to pacify residents who complained at hearings about the street
closings. In spite of what probably were sincere efforts on the Derby road's
part, legal complications delayed the fulfillment of its promises to the neighborhood and caused some animosity
toward the NH&D and the HRR.48 At the
southwest corner of Commerce and Silver Sts. the NH&D built a three-story building for a new passenger station and
offices above. It was from here that an inspection train ran up the newly completed Extension on October 14, 1888. A wonderfully
detailed description of the new line and the challenges of its construction ran in the Register, and said that monumental
project began on August 21 and the last rail was laid at 3:30 on October 3.49 On
Wednesday, October 17, an inaugural train departed at 10:30 a.m. William H. Stevenson, the NH&D president as well as the
HRR’s vice president and general manager, proved himself to be something of a P.T. Barnum as well. The Wheeler &
Wilson band from the HRR’s headquarters town, Bridgeport, was on board the flag-and-bunting-decked, four-car train,
as well as railroad officials, local dignitaries, and newspaper men. The entire train reportedly disembarked at Shelton, then
the only stop on the new line, for music and festivities witnessed by a crowd of 500 residents. The piece de resistance
was yet to come. The technical meeting point of the two railroads was about four miles above Derby Jct. but, apparently for
effect, Stevenson chose a spot a mile and a half north for a spike-driving ceremony. This was overlooking the Housatonic River
at a 200-ft elevation, the magnificent vista enhanced by the beautiful autumn foliage. At precisely 12:00 noon Stevenson drove
two spikes, to the accompaniment of music, huzzahs, and celebratory cannon fire. One spike was of solid silver and, in a patriotic
tribute, the other was a gold-plated spike of copper made from the nails of the venerable U.S. warship Colorado,
which had recently burned off the coast of Port Washington, New York [click here]. The spikes were then lifted to be preserved at the Housatonic offices in Bridgeport.50
The train resumed its course, passing the point opposite Zoar Bridge where a station would soon be named ‘Stevenson’
by grateful locals, going on to Danbury for festivities, thence down to Bridgeport, and back to New Haven later in the evening.
[6.5.3] Even as the hoopla was fading, work in New Haven was proceeding. Instead of tearing down
the 1878 passenger station, it was earmarked to serve as the freight office and moved to the south end of the new building.
With the Extension certified as safe
by the railroad commissioners, the composite
structure was expected to be fully opened with regular train service commencing on November 26, 1888.51
The shed over the passenger platform behind was said to cover “several thousand” feet of track. On February 19,
1889, a 73-ft freight house was opened facing West Water St. behind the freight office. A site further along at West and Thorn
Sts. was also acquired for a new four-stall engine house and turntable, which were in place by May, 1890.52
Interestingly, some of this land was owned by Morris Franklin Tyler.53 To cement their relationship
further, the Housatonic leased the NH&D on July 9, 1889, effective the following day.54
NHD&A engines 1 through 5 would be renumbered into the HRR roster as 47 through 51 while newly purchased engines
were numbered 30, 31, 33, 34, and 35. The new ones, and presumably the old, were now lettered simply as NH&D. Early
in 1891 the #30 was delivered and the other 4 were still on order, as well as 10 new passenger cars and 100 new freight cars,
all expected to be delivered by April 1 at a cost of between $175,000 and $200,000.55 Ansonia’s
nominal loss of status as Derby road terminus was compensated for by its increased prosperity as a branch of the HRR system.
Expansion of the freight yard by filling in the land and laying additional tracks "to take care of the large increase
of business at that point" was underway in 1890 and was expected to be finished by January 1, 1891. Work here also included
a new turntable and there was talk of the NH&D recrossing the Naugatuck River to extend to Seymour or even Waterbury.56 A Register article shortly after the Extension opened said that Ansonia businesses
were saving $10 per carload via the new routing and that this would "plough a very big furrow in the Consolidated
road's traffic" in the lower Valley.57 Merchants in New Haven were “astonished”
at the benefits. Lower shipping costs, easier access to the NH&D freight house in contrast to the congestion at Long Wharf,
and even more politeness from the Consolidated, which was now facing some real competition, prompted one customer to say that
“now everything is as nice as pie.” This increased traffic on the NH&D, with its tidewater connection to New
York via the Starin line, had become more valuable than ever, to be protected from those who wanted the removal of
the tracks through Custom House Square or any other change that would make the NH&D less competitive with the Consolidated.58 There was a substantial increase in passenger traffic as well. By 1892, 50 trains per day were
using the NH&D terminal, a four-fold increase from 1887.59 A 500-ft freight house had
been opened on Silver St., a restaurant was operating in the passenger station, hackmen were
'red-lined' at the curb outside, and plans were being made to double-track to the West River and possibly beyond.
Permission from the railroad commissioners came in May of 1892 to take more property to expand the NH&D yard.60
All of this brought it ever closer to confronting the Consolidated, which displayed a seeming indifference toward the competition
prospering right across Union Ave.
Track 6.6: The Consolidated Empire Strikes Back [6.6.1] The staid demeanor of the Consolidated would soon
change. It too was looking to expand here. Whereas it had once offered the lot in front of the Meadow St. station to the city
on condition it be made into a park - a proposition the city declined - by 1891 the offer was not only withdrawn, but more
land was being sought.61 The Consolidated’s plan was to build a new, larger station, and to convert the old one, “crowded from basement
to attic,“ into an office building.62 An addition had already been put onto the west
end of the building, at the direction of Charles P. Clark, newly installed as president in March of 1887. This enabled
him to move the executive offices from Grand Central Station to New Haven, an operation completed on November 26, 1887. The
addition included a new assembly hall for the stockholders, first used on December 21, 1887 for the annual meeting.63
These changes aside, the space crunch continued, with a new station still seen as the ultimate answer. The old Chapel
St. location was even rumored for the site of this new station.64 Urgency, however, was
injected into all of these plans when a fire on March 19, 1892 largely destroyed the third floor of the Meadow St. station.65 To get by for the time, the Consolidated re-roofed the second story leaving only the two patched-up
end towers above it, and redeployed office staff as necessary. The spatial pressures here mirrored the tension on
the tracks. As of April 1, 1887, the Consolidated had put itself in direct competition with the HRR/NH&D by leasing the
Naugatuck RR. Not surprisingly, the 1880 pooling agreement was discontinued as of October 1, though apparently this was mutually agreed upon.66 There was also talk of the Consolidated
attempting to renege on the agreement allowing NH&D trains to cross its tracks to get to Starin's Wharf. Late
in 1887, "a frog" arrived that was used to join the NRR to both tracks of the NYNH&H at Naugatuck Jct.,
today's Devon, thus restoring a connection to New Haven abandoned when the NH&D opened.67
And, should it become necessary to further marginalize the value
of the Derby road, the old NRR plan for a line from Woodmont to Wheelers Farm was dusted off at this
time.68 Land issues and interchange difficulties both in Bridgeport and Norwalk also fueled
the hostility as did the 1889 legislative battle wherein the HRR lost a bid to essentially become one of the last parallels
and expand its system to better compete with the Consolidated.69 Public opinion was, of course,
overwhelmingly with the underdog HRR. Midway in 1892, the simmering pot of issues boiled over with a stunning series of events
to deal with an HRR that then-new directors J.P. Morgan and William Rockefeller recognized the that the HRR was no longer
a 'streak of iron rust' but rather 'a thorn of the most formidable kind.'70 On
Friday, June 10, they reportedly paid a large premium to purchase majority control of HRR stock. The New York syndicate that
sold out used the excuse of uncovering some HRR financial irregularities to explain its hasty exit.71
On the following Wednesday, Stevenson and the rest of the HRR managers resigned and were replaced on legal documents by Morgan,
Rockefeller, and other NYNH&H officials.72 On June 18, just days later, the Courant
reported that “the first complete Consolidated road train to run over the Housatonic went up the Derby branch from New
Haven Saturday."73 The Consolidated lease of the HRR was effective
on July 1.74 Next, New Haven’s board of aldermen received a petition with
several startling proposals. These included the construction of a new Union Ave. above the old, the discontinuance of the
streets below it for yard expansion, and the elimination of NH&D tracks east of Meadow St. by November 1, with access
to the Derby terminal thereafter only from the west.75 And, finally, the NYNH&H petitioned
the railroad commissioners for permission to construct a new connection, dubbed the West River branch, to bring Derby line
passenger trains into Union Station. The customary maps, undoubtedly drawn up earlier, were submitted to the commissioners
with the application on July 16 and approval was given on August 1 after a hearing in New Haven on July 22.76
While the Consolidated had every right to move quickly, the breakneck speed, from costly
purchase, to new Union Ave., to hasty lease, to action on the West River branch, all within six weeks, not to mention
the personal involvement of Morgan and Rockefeller, seems to indicate premeditated planning and a real urgency to get rid
of the HRR and its leased NH&D. [6.6.2]
The Consolidated also lost no time in assimilating the Derby road facilities. The aforementioned West River branch
was in place by October 27, 1892, running from a switch just past Lamberton St. up along the Boulevard to a west-facing
connection with the NH&D.77 Due to sinking in the West River meadow, this link was not
certified as safe by the railroad commissioners until November and not used for passenger service until December 11, 1892.78 On that day trains ceased running to the Derby depot
and began to come instead to two pocket tracks on the west side of Union Station. On December 13, 1892 the HRR and NH&D
lines officially debuted as the NYNH&H’s Berkshire Division. The two daily trains each way for Pittsfield would
now use the NH&D route from New Haven instead of the HRR line from Bridgeport as they had since 1850. This, of course,
would result in crowing on the part of the Elm City about their new status and some complaint from the Park City as this being a violation of the HRR charter, in spite of connecting service still
being maintained at Botsford.79 With the east leg of the wye at the West River installed
shortly thereafter, later timetables show some trains backing into or out of the Meadow St. station to reverse direction as
needed from here.80 The river connector had been suggested by the city several years earlier
to eliminate the NH&D track through Custom House Square. The Consolidated had been amenable to these changes, and even
to allowing wharf access through its yards, but the NH&D, fearing it would be “swallowed up,” had declined.
Now its track to Fair St. was removed, as promised, and the line was stub-ended on the west side of Meadow St.81
The Consolidated also enlarged the Silver St. freight house with a 500-ft addition, and began utilizing it for outbound freight
and, in turn, using the Long Wharf freight house only for inbound shipments.82 A new
interlocking tower to control the tracks and the yards west of Union Station went into service on June 19, 1893.83
The Liberty St. bridge, in a limbo of legalities since 1888, was also finally completed by the Consolidated late in 1892.84 The last dangerous grade crossing, at East Water St. between State and Union Sts., was addressed
shortly as well. With the Derby track underneath gone and an easier grade for an overhead bridge now possible, the span over
the Consolidated’s tracks would open on September 24, 1894.85 [6.6.3] As if timed to crown its conquests,
the Consolidated now unveiled a new general office building. It had been decided, especially after the 1892 fire, that a new office facility was a higher priority than a new station. At first it was going to be built in the block
bounded by Meadow, Portsea, Lafayette Sts. and Columbus Ave. but the new Union Ave. cut through here.86
The block on the other side of Meadow St. now best fit the bill. It was mostly owned by the Consolidated except for the northerly
NH&D parcel with repair shops and storage tracks. The pressing need for this final piece of the
only property available for the new GOB may also have played a role in the Morgan/Rockefeller blitz in June of 1892. Ground
was broken almost immediately in August, with the NH&D parcel not quit-claimed by them to the Consolidated until October
1.87 By that time, a 4,000-lb steam hammer was already driving piles 40 feet down into the
‘made land' and advancing toward the Derby facilities that had to come down immediately.88
When it opened on January 1, 1894, the four-story, L-shaped, GOB structure stretched 200 feet long on the east side of Meadow
St. and 230 feet on the south side of West Water St. At a rough cost of $400,000, the fireproof building contained 125 rooms,
sufficient to relocate the rest of the general offices from New York at this time. The first floor went to the operating department;
the second to the traffic department and executive offices; the third to engineering and purchasing; and the fourth to the
“several hundred clerks” of the accounting department. Described as the “handsomest railroad office in New
England,” the exterior facade was of New Jersey buff brick and trimmed with East Haven brownstone. The southern tip
of the ‘Yellow Building’ looked conveniently over toward Union Station. On the northern apex facing the NH&D
station, the 0.00 marked the base mileage point of the NYNH&H’s newly christened Berkshire Division.89 [6.6.4] The
Derby depot, though used to receive passengers at least once when a washout at the West River wye disrupted service to
Union Station, was occupied by the freight auditing department until the GOB opened.90 The
station was then refitted to debut on December 28, 1896 as the first railroad YMCA in New Haven.91
The YMCA started ministering to railroad workers and their families as early as 1868 and the first railroad branch opened
in Cleveland in 1872. In New Haven, notices of 'religious meetings' involving the YMCA are found as early as 1878.92 The movement combined respect for the railroad worker with a ‘home away from home,’
as well as caring for his educational, spiritual, and recreational needs. [Click here]. It also promoted sobriety in an era
when alcohol-related safety problems were a serious concern. The Vanderbilt family led the way with funding for the national
effort and with a branch for New York Central RR workers. NYNH&H employees had met informally for several years and, after
the Consolidated absorbed the Canal road in 1887, had asked for the use of its old freight office on East Water St.93
The matter lingered until Pres. Clark got involved. The Derby depot was spacious and perfectly located. A large reception
room, smoking and reading rooms, bathrooms, and a bowling alley were created on the first floor. The second floor held an
assembly room and offices, while the third floor had 20 small bedrooms for railroad employees whose runs ended at Union Station.
At the opening, Clark spoke of the “comfort, rest, amusement, and instruction” the facility would provide and
Vice Pres. Hall said that a new era of corporate concern was bringing “intelligent capital and intelligent labor”
together here. They both stressed that discrimination by race or religion would not be tolerated. The pool table, notorious
for its unsavory association with drinking and gambling, came later as it became more socially acceptable. In September
of 1929, a Cedar Hill RR YMCA would open in rented space at 1386 State St. in New Haven at the corner of Rock St. It had two
floors of bedrooms upstairs and a lounge with reading, writing and recreational facilities on the main floor. The railroad's
own building, still standing at 1435 State St. opened on June 30, 1945.94
Track 6.7. The Austin Depot Fire and Aftermath
[6.7.1] No sooner did the new GOB open in 1894, the Austin depot was tragically in the news. After 1875,
it had remained in the possession of the Consolidated, which went on to purchase most of the land it sat on. Per the lease
condition, a few trains continued to stop here. By 1878, the building had been transformed into a stylish new city market
with vendor stalls, a sausage factory in the Wooster St. tower and a newsstand on the Chapel St. end. This operation reportedly
provided a good income for the railroad. The Austin depot caught fire around 11 p.m. on July 4, 1894, through the agency of
either a stray holiday rocket or a cigarette dropped by a “pig-tailed Chinaman,” that ignited fireworks for sale
in front of the Chapel St. tower. Whichever account one follows, there is interesting detail about railroad operations, city
life, and the ensuing “grand pyrotechnic display.” Flames raced up the tower’s dried wooden framing. The
clock stopped at 11:15 and 12 minutes later it was destroyed by the bell which crashed down from above. A crowd of 5,000 watched
the spectacle. The fact that there was no wind enabled the fire department to contain the blaze but the building was quickly
gutted nonetheless. Austin had daringly designed the interior as a single, arched open space with iron rods from the ceiling
trusses suspending the floor. When the supports collapsed, the floor and the vendors’ merchandise with it landed below.
Debris several feet deep covered the tracks, completely blocking the Canal, Hartford, Shore Line, and Air Line divisions into
the next morning. Some of the other facilities like the Cedar Hill station and the old Shore Line yard on Myrtle St. were
used to discharge passengers and make up outbound trains. The building was a total loss for the railroad, which had insurance,
and for the tenants, many of whom did not. The disaster turned out to be a bonanza, however, for the locals - Italian women
are mentioned in particular - who arrived at dawn to scoop up ‘cooked’ chickens and hams enough to last several
weeks. With all their woodworking gone, only the exterior structure of the two towers survived “... as masses of fine
brick masonry, standing above the entrance to regions truly infernal...”95
[6.7.2] The fire prompted much consideration about the state of railroad infrastructure and service in
the Elm City. Many argued that the station should be rebuilt and used for the local trains that had to go all the way to Union
Ave. and make passengers come back to the business district. When the city abrogated its remaining rights to the depot property
shortly thereafter, it was up to the Consolidated to rebuild. It chose not to, probably for several reasons. Convenience had
turned to complaint for a public that enjoyed a half-century with no grade crossings because of the cut. No one, of course,
had ever really liked the chasm dividing parts of the city. With more trains than ever going at greater speeds, they were
scaring the horses drawing vehicles on the streets above, causing runaways and injuries. Some residents wanted to enclose
the cut, much like the Fourth Avenue tunnel in New York City. Neither the city nor the railroad was interested in this. The
Consolidated was more concerned with the cut’s 14-ft height restrictions and a corridor that narrowed to two tracks
at Grand St., all unchanged since 1848. The fire ‘blockade’ at the Austin depot was one argument for widening
the cut, or alternatively for abandoning it. The replacement was to be an elevated line, either running diagonally from Shore
Line Jct. per the Matthewson plan, or going above the Belle Dock branch and curving over East Water St. to tie into Union
Station, per the Whittlesley plan. A further refinement of the latter was to have the elevated line swing out from Belle Dock
to just beyond the wharves at a height of 30 feet to allow boats to pass under and end at the long-awaited new union station.96
[6.7.3] None of these plans came cheap. One large expense in abandoning
the cut would have been rerouting the severed Canal line along the west side of the city down to the Berkshire line. This
plan had been proposed earlier by the city to eliminate the Canal road’s own cut and to provide valuable building space
downtown, especially for the high school expansion on Orange St.97 The removal of the NH&N
line and bridges, called “a nuisance” by some, was opposed by the Winchester Repeating Arms Co., as putting it
13 miles farther from its harbor shipping outlets.98 More serious obstacles were in the eastern
part of New Haven, heavily residential and the manufacturing center of the city as well, crisscrossed by railroad and trolley
tracks as well as those of the new Manufacturers’ Street Railway. The latter had been incorporated on June 23, 1893,
using horses until its first electric-powered train debuted on November 17, 1896, using power from the Fair Haven and Westville trolley
wires.99 This new short line handled traffic around tight curves, at private wharfs,
and in isolated pockets inaccessible to the steam railroad.100 Via an interchange near the
Cedar Hill station, it utilized a private right of way as well as trolley and railroad tracks and served companies like New
Haven Rolling Mill, the Bigelow Co., National Pipe Bending Co., and Quinnipiac Brewing Co. In 1902 it would reach the National
Wire Co. in the Annex. The Consolidated got control of the FH&W in 1904 and incorporated it into the growing trolley network
that eventually became the Connecticut Company.101 The industrial road, deeded to the NHRR
in 1907, was then connected to the Forbes Ave. streetcar line to complete a loop via the Belle Dock branch. By 1895 the Consolidated
would also merge the nearby Tomlinson Bridge Co. into its fold, as well as Long Wharf, which it purchased in 1890, and in
1900 the New Haven Steamboat Co. would also come into its hands. While New Haven’s seaport days were waning, these moves
eliminated competition and added more capacity for coal shipments. The NYNH&H would soon build a power plant here on Long
Wharf to supply electricity to replace gas for lighting the GOB and also to power the new streetcar line between Ansonia,
Derby, and Bridgeport.103
Track
6.8: The Dawn of a New Century, 1900 - 1920
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|
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[6.8.3] Construction on the upper end of the project saw the replacement of the ‘tin
bridge’ over the Mill River, with a photo in the Courant shsowing a temporary structure in place here in May, 1907.113 The work here dovetailed with the 1894 relocation and double-tracking of the Shore Line. Its
departure point had been moved up to Air Line Jct., just above Ferry St. A single signal tower here replaced earlier ones
above and below and a new Shore Line Jct. was created at the wye just east of Middletown Ave. This partially elevated alignment
eliminated all the easterly grade crossings in the city and included a bore of 1000 feet through the heights in Fair Haven
East. The old NH&NL line was kept in place to Ferry St. on the west end, here to include access to the Manufacturer’s
private right of way, and to Oxford St., east of the Quinnipiac River on the other end, for local industries. Connecticut
Co. cars were stored via street connections to the old line until the tracks were gradually cut back further and the right
of way sold off. The loss of the old Fair Haven station was offset by a Fair Haven East station on Clifton St. but it lasted
only until 1906.114 By then, riders were said to prefer taking the trolley to catch steam
trains at Cedar Hill or Union Station. Agreement was also made at this time to abandon the location of the 70x50 Cedar Hill
station at James and Lombard Sts. This was to accommodate the city’s extension of Humphrey St. through the site of the
station that reportedly had been built in the dead of night in 1888 to forestall the street work then. This was approved by the railroad commissioners on February 17, 1906.115
[6.8.4]
The New Haven’s great modernization and expansion was to advance further. While the road’s historic concentration
on passenger traffic would continue, its freight service was booming and in need of efficiency upgrades. Assembling a line
from New Haven through several of its acquired roads, the NYNH&H established a western terminus in Maybrook, NY and
tonnage was flowing into and out of New England via the Poughkeepsie Bridge at record levels. Centralization was sorely needed
due to increased traffic, inefficient sorting methods, and jams all over the system. The upgrades here were undertaken at
the Air Line’s old Cedar Hill yard starting in the early 1900s. In 1911, the roundhouse was expanded to a full circle,
and additional land here as well as in adjacent Hamden and North Haven was purchased. The work would start in earnest early
in 1918, spurred by the lessons of World War I during which motorized delivery vans were needed to ease traffic problems experienced
under federal administration. A freight car classification system modeled after the Pennsylvania RR was installed to utilize
two gravity humps and pneumatic switches to break down trains from receiving yards and to sort cars by destination into new
trains sent to the departure yards. An additiona 18-stall roundhouse for larger locomotives was added. The handling of less-than-carload
freight was expedited by electric tractors using bridges between loading platforms to quickly move merchandise into cars according
to destination. Other Cedar Hill facilities included 100,000-ton coal pockets on the northerly end in Montowese, maintenance
buildings, machine shops, a creosoting plant, a materials yard, and a reclamation plant along the 154 miles of track in the
complex. In some spots the Quinnipiac River that wound through the meadows would be relocated to make way for the work. New
grade separations at Air Line Jct. allowed trains to pass through and around the terminal area easily. Electrification came
by late 1920 for the New York division receiving and departure yards. Nine steam shovels, two spreaders, 16 engines, 143 dump
cars, eight pile drivers, five concrete mixers, over 1,000 men, and 1,400,000 yards of sand transformed the area that would
stretch over four miles long and cover 1200 acres by 1921. The cost was reported to be $5M. Once finished, centralization
here improved freight service significantly and took pressure off local freight yards like Bridgeport and Waterbury.116
[6.8.5] As already mentioned,
talk of a new union station dated back at least to 1892. The talk would be 20 years old by 1911, when George Dudley Seymour,
'Mr. New Haven,' would describe the old Meadow St. depot as the “shabby and deformed structure by which we are
now so widely known.”117 As far back as December, 1890, the common council had wanted
Union Ave. extended down to Spring St. The Consolidated opposed this and petitioned in 1892 for a new Union Ave farther north
to encompass the expanded operations base it sought.118 Ultimately
it was constructed angling from the corner of Water and State Sts. down to the intersection of Spring and Liberty Sts., and
not until after the GOB opened early in 1894, the street area being used to store construction materials. The
contract for gutters and sidewalks was not awarded until November 28, 1898.119 As tracks
were filled in east of the station, old Union Ave. became a cul-de-sac fronting the depot until 1917 when the street disappears
into the railroad’s property. City Engineer Kelly’s 1911 real estate atlas has caused confusion
on the timing of these changes. This is due to the fact that map plates 15 and 25 show, not the reality of 1911, but rather
the arrangement of streets, tracks, and the new depot location projected for 1918. The key is the word ‘proposed’
on the latter plate where Long Wharf tracks are shown as paralleling Brewery St., instead of ending
at it. This part of the railroad’s plan never became a reality and, probably for reasons of financial hardship and large
outlays elsewhere, the railroad had to scale back its plans and delay the new
station. Preliminary site work for it would not begin until 1916. The 1875 structure was closed on June 10, 1917 as part of
the transition. Tracks were laid north of the old building and platforms, train sheds, and a sizable wooden station were built
there. Benches, ticket cages, and restaurant equipment were moved to this temporary depot from the old station behind it.
What had become a small freight yard along Union Ave. was then used for pocket tracks to the east side of temporary station.
The “first spadeful” of earth for the new union station, just west of the temporary one, was turned by company
engineers on April 17, 1917. Building permits were pulled on January
3, 1918, and the steelwork was up by September.120 On May 8, 1918, the old depot again caught
fire and was completely destroyed this time. Employees hastily moved records to nearby railroad facilities and to the dining
room of the Hotel Garde at Columbus and Meadow Sts.121 The 1875 station site was soon
covered by more yard tracks. [6.8.6] Cass
Gilbert’s 360x90-ft. Union Station opened to the public on Monday, April 5, 1920. Finishing touches would take until
the summer. The Beaux-Arts edifice was dubbed a “modern, handsome, unpretentious structure, worthy of the city.”
Gilbert had previously designed the Ives Memorial Library in downtown New Haven, the Woolworth Building in New York City,
and the New Haven’s Westchester Ave. station on the Harlem branch in the Bronx. A rumored price of $5M was called the "wildest extravagance" by former governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, one
of the NYNH&H’s largest stockholders. Even then, planned as a $1.5M granite structure for the Elm City, the cost of the station was reduced to $900,000 by using brick for the exterior. Financing was,
nonetheless, arranged by Bulkeley with the Aetna Life Insurance Co. of which was president, reportedly subscribing to 700,000
worth of the bonds the railroad was going to offer for sale to raise the needed funds.122
Ironic historical references surfaced as the new station finally arose some 30 years after the first rumor. The
Courant did not fail to note that it was Bulkeley’s ‘Hartford money’ that was paying for it, perhaps
a throwback to the rivalry of the two old capital cities, and the Register noted the construction problems encountered
in dealing with the ‘made land’ from the harbor, reminding readers that there once was a boat landing at College
and George Sts. near the Hotel Taft.123 Thompson-Starrett of New York City was the general
contractor. The new facility featured ramps and tunnels for safer access to trains, a fax-machine precursor
called a telautograph to transmit written communications between railroad personnel, and a stereopticon device to show train
arrival and departure information on projection screens. A “first class, perfectly appointed restaurant”
on the second floor was directly above the lunch room where some lamented that the “historic” sandwiches served
in the old depot were no longer available. Other amenities included telephone and telegraph booths, a cigar stand, soda fountain,
newsstand, physician’s office, and a taxicab and baggage-handling booth. Additional levels on the four-story structure
were also considered. Apparently, the railroad had outgrown the 1894 GOB and employees were already using rented space in
several city locations when the 1875 station burned to the ground. As with the 1892 fire, this again thwarted plans to convert
it into offices. Upwards of six more stories were spoken of for the 1920 station, possibly to even empty the GOB and move
all NHRR employees under one roof.123 [6.8.7] As much thought was given to the outside layout as to the interior. A 45-ft setback from Union Avenue had been mandated
by the city and allowed traffic to circulate around an off-street driveway and safety island in front of the building.124 Trolley lines also converged here and circled efficiently around a loop up Portsea, and down
West Water Sts., and thence along Union Ave. to Carlisle St., to Meadow St., or to the trolley viaduct in the cut. All this
was easy enough for the NHRR to orchestrate since it, of course, owned
all the streetcar lines by now.125 The NH&D stub-end track was tied into this network
to allow car storage at the Silver St. yard. This yard would even see occasional passenger service for special
events. For the Yale-Princeton game in 1911, when 20 special trains crowded into the Meadow St. station, Silver St. once again
received Valley trains, while the tracks along Union Ave. opposite the GOB were used to hold the private cars of wealthy sports
fans. These tracks probably dated back to the Yale bicentennial week in 1901 when the railroad slept thousands for that
event in rail yards, steamship berths, and available space in the old station and the GOB.126
These tracks would be brought up to the east side of the Gilbert station in 1920 once the temporary wooden depot was dismantled.
[6.8.8] At this time, many ideas were advanced for further improving the public space and transportation efficiencies of
this area as well as the downtown proper. The removal of the trolley tracks from State St. was apparently so successful that
in 1922 the public works director suggested extending the viaduct up to Grand Ave. but this was never done.127
Much as Meadow St. had been widened as an approach to the 1875 station, the city would widen Commerce St. in stages, connecting
it to Orange St. above, and to new Union Ave. below. This was, more or less, the “... broad approach leading from it
[the new station] to the spacious, historic Green...” for which George Dudley Seymour had argued. It was
finished and renamed South Orange St. in 1923. The widening of Commerce St. forced the relocation of the public produce market
at the corner of Whiting St. Many, including Pres. Mellen, feared it would be moved opposite the elegant new station. He said
unabashedly that to do that would be to “to place a pearl in a pig sty.”128 It
was moved to Hill and Silver Sts., just behind the RR YMCA. This building also had to be shunted westward 50 ft. to accommodate
the widening of Commerce St. Pictures in the Register show it jacked up on blocks and being symbolically rolled back,
along with the colorful history it represented in the remarkable century past.129
Track
6.9: Vestiges and Reflections [6.9.1] It is always tempting to speculate on the ‘what ifs’ of the past. What if, for example, the HRR/NH&D
had been able to stave off the 1892 takeover by the Consolidated? Subsequent history might have been different for a while,
but the NYNH&H probably would have won out later and further railroad construction and competition would have been costly
and destructive in the longer term. What if the dramatic increase in automobile ownership in the 1920s and the decline of
manufacturing in the Northeast after WWII did not happen? These were to be insurmountable challenges many railroads would
face, the New Haven among them, succumbing to a second and final bankruptcy in 1968. These same factors would also cause cities
to feel the pain of decaying downtowns and loss of an industrial base. Urban redevelopment came as the solution and New Haven
was a prime candidate. The Hill neighborhood where residents once resisted the expansion of the NH&D would become the
site of Lee HS and public housing. The Model Cities program Hill Project would take out the Silver St. yard and the RR YMCA,
which closed on April 30, 1966.130 Its functions were transferred to the GOB and to the Cedar
Hill YMCA branch. Two years later in 1947, the NHRR would emerge, temporarily resurgent after its first bankruptcy, to build
a new headquarters just west of the GOB across Meadow St., once again requiring engineers to take soundings and drive pilings
deep into the ‘made land’ here. The GOB, sold to the Knights of Columbus in 1952, remained their headquarters
until they built their present building in 1969.131 The GOB itself fell to redevelopment
in 1971, its site occupied by the New Haven Police Dept. headquarters since October, 1975.132
Much like the NY&NH pushed back the harbor waters in the 1800s, the building of the Connecticut Turnpike would push them
even farther in the 1950s, an ironic nail in the coffin for the railroad that brought in the construction materials for its
nemesis. This work would finally take out New Haven’s fabled Long Wharf. North of here, a new State St. station would
open on June 7, 2002, diagonally across Chapel St. from where the Austin depot once stood, belatedly recognizing a century
of complaint that this is closer to the real heart of the city. Streetcar service in the Elm City ended on September 26, 1948
and the trolley viaduct probably came down with State St. Renewal project funded late in 1965.133
The end of the trolley era brought dieselization to the former Manufacturers RR, which would soldier on as part of the New
Haven RR and beyond into the 1980s. Some trackage is in the ground and for sale to this day. The Belle Dock branch is still
in place and was reconnected in 2002 over a new, center-lift Tomlinson Bridge made considerably more expensive by the
need to support the track on its north flank.
[6.9.2] Some
former railroad sites give little indication of their past. St. Mary’s RC Church (1872) occupies the
location of the Canal road’s original Temple St. terminus, and that track, pulled out in 1987, has become a ‘rail
trail’ soon to be completed right into Yale's campus. The old overhead railroad bridges are being torn out and replaced
even as this research was being done in 2008. The Cedar Hill station site is today part of the Connecticut Transit bus yard
off Humphrey St., the opposite side of the track marked by the dry cleaner at the corner of James St. The Cedar Hill yard,
largely disused by Conrail after the burning of the Poughkeepsie Bridge in 1974 severed the Maybrook line, is a shadow of
its former self. To the dismay of preservationists, the roundhouse there was torn down on March 22, 1989 as surreptitiously as
the Cedar Hill station was built by the railroad in 1889. West of Union Station, excavation for the Church St. South project,
planned since the 1950s and finally begun in 2003, [click here] uncovered the Spring St. roundhouse foundation and turntable pit dating back to the 1870s. Along the West River where the
NYNH&H once connected with the old NH&D line, the remainder of the railroad trestlework was torn out with showman-like
fanfare by New Haven mayoral candidate Joel Schiavone on September 25, 2001. Who knows what other artifacts of the Elm City’s
railroad past are yet to be uncovered and either venerated or discarded. [6.9.3] At
the largest annual meeting in the company’s history on April 4, 1893, Pres. Clark had said that the directors sought
nothing less than “a property unexcelled in the country.” The needed increase in capital stock was approved overwhelmingly
by the shareholders and improvements and expansion ran unabated for the next decade and a half.134
By 1907, the company would be on the verge of financial collapse and legal repercussions of the unbridled acquisitions
would soon come home to roost.135 There was trouble ahead for the NYNH&H but it had built
itself into a force that would be powerful for years to come. The Cass Gilbert Union Station, the GOB, and the East’s
finest freight yard at Cedar Hill capped a century during which a city and its railroads evolved symbiotically into Connecticut’s
transportation company and its headquarters city, one nearly synonymous with the other. The legacy of the interplay of this
historic growth and continual regeneration will always be an indelible part of New Haven’s past and its future as well.
Track 6.10: Notes
Periodical abbreviations
are on the home page.
1. NHER/06/09/1879/04
2.
HC/05/14/1838/02
3. Connecticut Railroads, p.62
4. NHDP/07/08/1848/02; NHDP/10/28/1848/02
5. NHDP/12/28/1848/02
6. Twining’s Preliminary
Survey is at NHMHS. See plate XLI(?)
7. NHDP/10/30/1848/01
8.
NHDP/01/22/1849/02
9. NH&N 1848AR, p. 5
10. NHER/07/21/1894/01
11. NHDP/07/01/1848/02
12. Benham, New Haven City Directory, 1848-9; 1860 guidebook(?)
13. NHDP/10/26/1848/02
14. NHDP/01/27/1849/02
15. C/08/24/1870/02; CRC18.1871.9
16. CRC1.1854.6
17. HDC/11/19/1855/02; Connecticut
Railroads, p.64
18.
CRC18.1871.122
19. HC/04/28/1873/04
20.
NHJC/07/02/1878/02
21.
NHJC/09/12/1877/02
22. NHJC/09/18/1877/02; NHJC/10/29/1877/02; NHDP/06/05/1878/04; NHDP/03/29/1879/04
23. HDC/03/07/1848/02
24. Weller, p. 38
25.
NHER/12/01/1871/02
26. Special Acts, 1866, no. 100
27. NHJC/10/20/1870/02; NHER/10/12/1872/02
28. HC/01/17/1873/01
29.
Brown, Elizabeth Mills, New Haven: A Guide to Architecture and
Urban Design, p. 93
30.
NHDP/09/16/1874/04
31. NHER/05/17/1875/01; NHJC/05/20/1875/02;
NHJC/05/27/1875/02; NYNH&H
1876AR
32. NHJC/09/12/1877/02
33. NYT/06/18/1875/10; HDC/06/19/1875/04
34. NHJC/05/20/1875/02; NHER/05/21/1875/04
35. HDC/02/08/1877/04
36. NHDP/05/28/1878/02; NHER/06/12/1878/04; NHJC/11/20/1878/00
37.
HDC/05/30/1873/03; HDC/06/13/1873/01; WH/01/24/1873/02; RRC6.67 (7/3/1868);
Perpetual lease (?)
38.
New Haven City Year Book, 1878,
p. 27; Starin case (?)
39. NHJC/01/23/1877/02; NHER/10/12/1882/03; RRC24:100 (10/14/1882)
40. NHJC/11/13/1875/02; NHDP/11/05/1879/04; see
SL12.4.20 for Hopkins
41. Public Act 106, 1871
42. A tentative list of the parallel companies, with
selected references thus far, includes: the
Derby & State Line [1868]; the New York & Eastern [1874]; the New York, Connecticut &
Eastern [RRC11.1 (8/2/1880)]; the New York & Connecticut [RRC11.91 (6/20/1881)];
the
New York &
Connecticut Air Line [RRC11.91 (1/11/1883), expires 10/22/1888:
CRC37.1889.3]; the
New York & Boston Inland [articles of association filed with the
secretary of the state on 3/4/1882: CRC31.1884.4]; and the Hartford &
Harlem [articles
filed on 12/30/1882: CRC31.1884.4] the New York, Bridgeport & Eastern [RRC11.209, 235
(4/24/1890, 2/25/1891)]. More data needs to be compiled from the railroad
commissioners
reports [CRC] and documents [RRC] in RG 041 at CSL to develop a complete list of the
parallel companies.
43.
HC/07/13/1887/08
44. NHDP/03/21/1877/04; Connecticut Pioneers in Telephony,
p. xxx(?), 147
45. NHER/08/21/1886/03;
NHER/09/05/1888/01
46. Adams, Robert B., "The
Battle for Springfield," NMRA Bulletin
44.3 (Nov. 1978): 9-17
47. NHER/11/30/1887/01; NHDP/10/22/1888/04
48. CRC36.1888.87; NHER/12/26/1890/01; NHER/02/16/1891/01
49. NHDP/10/16/1888/01; HC/10/08/1888/06: very interesting
details, says work finished on
October 4
50. NHER/10/16/1888/01; NYT/10/18/1888/02
51. RRC23.102 (11/14/1888)
52.
NHER/01/14/1889/01; NHER/02/20/1889/03; NHER/06/24/1889/01; NHER/04/23/1890/02;
HRR 1890AR, p. 5
53. Hopkins, Atlas of New Haven, 1888: see relevant plate
54. NHER/07/10/1889/03
55. NHER/01/17/1889/01
56. NHER/01/06/1891/01;
HRR 1890AR, p. 5
57. NHER/11/28/1888/03
58. NHER/01/08/1891/02;
NHER/02/03/1891/03
59. NHDP/03/06/1890/??; NHER/05/10/1892/01
60. NHER/04/01/1891/01; NHER/05/22/1891/01;
NHER/05/05/1892/04; NHER/05/19/1892/01
61. NHER/06/17/1890/01; NHER/01/03/1891/01
62. NHER/12/22/1890/01
63.
NYT/04/19/1887/02; NYT/04/24/1887/02; HC/08/06/1887/06; NYT/11/27/1887/02;
HC/11/29/1887/06; NYT/12/22/1887/03;
64. NHER/04/30/1891/01
65. NYT/03/20/1892/08
66. NHER/08/04/1887/01
67.
NHER/12/23/1887/04; CRC35.1887.12
68. NHER06/08/1887/02;
NHER/07/27/1887/01
69. NHER/01/24/1890/01; NHER/02/18/1890/01;
NHER/06/13/1892/01
70. BEF/06/18/1892/??
71. HC/06/13/1892/01; NHER/06/13/1892/01; NHER/06/14/1892/01; NHER/06/18/1892/01
72. NHER/06/16/1892/03
73. HC/06/21/1892/08
74. Lease July
1(?)
75. NHER/07/09/1892/01; NHER/07/11/1892/01;
76. NHER/07/15/1892/01;
NHER/07/22/1892/01; RRC31.490 (8/1/1892); NHER/08/02/1892/04
77. NHER/10/27/1892/03; NHER/04/21/1893/01
78.
NHER/11/26/1892/01; RRC32.17 (11/29/1892)
79. NHER/12/02/1892/01; NHER/12/13/1892/02; NHER/12/30/1892/01
80. ETT76 (5/5/1919) says “Train 1435 will turn on West River Junction wye and back into New
Haven station and Train 1440
will back New Haven to West River Junction through south wye.
81. NHER/10/27/1892/03
82.
NHER/09/28/1892/01; CRC40.1892.15 says a 500 ft addition, making it 1,000 ft total
83. NHER/06/20/1893/03
84.
NHER/06/20/1891/01; NHER/10/15/1892/01
85. NHER/05/04/1891/01;
NHER/04/07/1893/01; NHER09/13/1894/01; NHER/08/18/1894/04;
CRC42.1894.18
86.
NHER/08/07/1892/01
87. NHER/05/03/1892/01; NHER/06/07/1892/01;
NHER/10/22/1892/01
88.
NHER/09/20/1892/01
89. HC/01/02/1894/04;
NYNH&H 1894AR, 1895AR
90. NHER/04/21/1893/01
91. NHER/12/29/1896/01; HC/12/30/1896/11
92.
NHJC/08/31/1878/02
93.
NHER/10/22/1888/04
94. RR YMCA materials at NHMHS, MSS B18C
95.
NHDP/07/05/1894/01; NHER/07/05/1894/01; HC/07/05/1894/01; Seymour, p.293.
96. NHER/11/08/1904/??;
NHER/11/10/1904/??; HC/10/14/1904/01; HC/01/07/1904/01
97.
NHER/02/25/1893/01
98. NHER/02/25/1893/01; NHER/02/10/1896/02
99. HC/12/28/1896/08
100. NHER/05/10/1892/01
101.
HC/05/04/1904/13; HC/05/18/1904/10
102. HC/09/20/1890/08;
NHER/09/22/1890/01; NHER/04/25/1894/01
103. NHER/04/21/1900/01;
HC/10/01/1900/03; HC/11/20/1916/04
104. Bankers Magazine, May, 1906, p.756 [click
here]
105. HC/05/25/1905/01
106. NHER/06/20/1895/03; RRC 35.351
107. The New Haven Cut and Weekly Review, February 10, 1906, p.1-2.
Held at NHMHS.
108. NHER/01/16/1906/??
109. NHER/02/21/1906/??
110.
NHER/04/05/1907/01
111. HC/05/07/1906/01
112. CRC57.1909.54
113.
HC/05/02/1907/15: large article on the Cut project
114. NHU/06/02/1906/10
115.
RRC35.427 (2/17/1906); CRC55.1907.28; RRC35.459 (12/14/1907)
116. HC/12/25/1921/22
117.
Seymour, George Dudley, New Haven, p.293
118. NHER/12/11/1890/01
119. NHER/11/28/1898/01
120. HC/04/20/1919/X2
121.
HC/05/09/1918/01; HC/05/12/1918/X4
122. HC/09/25/1916/16
123.
NHER/04/03/1920/01; NHU/04/03/1920/01; HC/04/20/1919/X2; HC/04/18/1920/10
124. HC/04/18/1920/10
125. NHER/03/19/1897/07; NHER/10/21/1897/03
126. HC/09/02/1901/10;
HC/11/17/1911/18
127. HC/03/19/1922/X6
128. HC/11/30/1919/1A
129. NHR/05/01/1966/04/01
130. NHR/05/01/1966/04/01; HC/03/28/1968/35
131. HC/02/19/1952/24
132. HC/10/24/1975/07
133.
HC/12/23/1965/23
134. HC/04/03/1893/01
135. HC/10/18/1907/01
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